پژوهشنامه ادبیات داستانی
سال دوم شماره 5 (زمستان 1392)

The tale of Nakhjīrān va shīr is one of the long and complicated stories of Masnavi which has a bilateral structure. This symbolic story has a surface structure and deep structure which demand structural patterns to be analyzed. Therefore, the surface structure of the story which is the very short tale of “Kalila and Damna” has been studied due to Propp’s method concluding to this fact that the story is folk which is comparable to that of Propp’s fairytales will be studied. Whereas this story is beyond a simple surface structure, there is some complications so much that Propp’s method is not able to be provided in it, therefore the deep structure of Tzvetan Todorov and Greimas are necessary. The analysis of this story due to two forementioned patterns cause to compare the structure of two different works, the features and other capacity of the story.

War is an important social phenomena, it is commonly affective among the people and the different interpretations of it won’t be rejected due to cultural, historical motives. The story literature of religious defense as whole is a field of social phenomena due to the condition of different concepts of war between Iran and Iraq. The expression of sublime concepts of warrior defense shows the social, humanistic problems referring to war in the critical way in the story literature of Iran. Ahmad Dehghan is one of the most famous writers in this field and this study is qualitative survey minus prejudice due to the fundamental theories of novel entitled Wandering in The Strange land which is his last novel. The conclusion of stusy shows that the main issue of essay is to manifest the human issues of war in the social levels minus ideological field or deepening some specific concepts to motivate the valuable values.

One of the oldest literary genres is fiction in world. Whereas fiction was introduced by Don Quisite in many centuries before, but it is very old in the different past nations. One of these old nation is Iranian as well as the different fictions in their culture, but it is possible to show the literary genre in this land. Although there is different between old and new fictions, though it is better to use the term, novella for the old fictions. We try to extrapolate the history of literary fiction, in order to examine the oral literature as well as the contemporary fictions (before invention of line).

The most important literary criticism is comparative study of literary works. The present article's purpose is to peruse the similarities between the ''Alchemist'' novel by Koilo and "Zamzam" story by R. Amirkhni. There are many similarities in the structure of these two stories, some of which can be found in other works such as Masnavi of Mulavi and Shams Collection, Articles Shams, Attar's Conference of the Birds logic (mantegh olteyr), ajayebname of Mohammad Mahmoud Hamadani and etc. The common areas of aforementioned stories including: spontaneous inner desire to normalize the conditions in the society, the uncompleted love in other, The role of honest dream in the plot story, higher metaphysical truth, the resolution at the end of stories… and the common aspects of two main stories; such as gender and age range of the similarity of the main characters, personalities and. authors introduce minor characters, human and spiritual presence influences, addressing the issue of spirituality in the modern world...

As a literary work, a novel is imitation of actual life, it is as important as the conversation in the actual life, but for Bakhtin, the issue is beyond the conversations in the stories. He takes every literary work in two levels to be studied. On one hand, every literary work is a response to its previous works, it also expects the future works, on the other hand, a novel is the field where the character’s sayings reveal minus this fact whether it is for or against the writer, and therefore, there is polyphony. The present article tries to examine the different kinds of dialogues in the novel of Shab Cheragh by Jamal Mirsadeghi which are classified from the points of view of Bakhtin, as well as polyphony. Novel as a literary work, is an imitation of the real life, and it is one of the most outstanding indices and the most important elements of novel. The results show that the frequency of dialogue is different due to the plot, the subject of the novel, and it is the most application dialogues introduces the characters. Also the novel of Shab Cheragh uses the possibilities of dialogism in the Polyphonic novel.

Sadi’s prose is easy and his Masnavi is a teacher of morality, a designer of politics of social behavior as well as the literary rising, he tries to use Quran and the religious instructions in his stories, which have been composed in Golestan an Boostan, they are called the deductive short stories that approve what was said before or after it. Though, the story itself is important in Bat Sumenat story and Boxer Young Man, beside the elements of story, generallism, minus actual time and place, meta-reality, unnatural elements, naturalism, less hero, the stable characters, the subjects and the themes were approved or rejected what was said before or after it. The goal of study is to examine two stories due to the method of narration, characterization, the elements of story, discourse analysis, in order to compare them in prose and poetry. Findings mostly refer to the traditional method of narration, but the story leaves to the second level due to the instructive message.

Archetype criticism is one of the modern literal theories based on psychological review which has been based on Jung ideas. This criticism concerns with studying and examining the archetype of a work, in order to understand how it is got in the poet’s or author’s mind. Archetypes is the products of repeated experiences of human life and it has been dedicated to human, therefore it is necessary to analyze and examine the different angles and dimensions. Regarding these studies, heroic journey is possible in order to achieve the perfection and individuality dream relying on archetypes in everybody’s life. The present article aims to review Shohar e Ahookhanomby by Ali mohammad Afghani from the perspective of archetypal criticism relying on the fundamentals of intellectual basis of Carol.S.Pearson and Huo.k. Marr in the light of 12 archetypes of awakening the internal heroes.The authors try to introduce these archetypes briefly, in order to show the fictional characters manifesting these archetypes that they could follow individuation to take heroic journey. The results show that Shohar e Ahookhanomis abound with archetypes as well as the psychological approach. Reincarnating7 archetypes, Ahookhanom takes individuation and the fictional characters act as the breeders on initiation.